八年级英语晨读简单的句子? 1.All things in their being are good for something. 天生我才必有用。 2.Genius is only one step away from mortals,This step is diligence. 3.If you want to dig a well, you have to dig it out. 4.The impo...
中考英语
初二上册语法:
动词不定式
一. 定义:
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不可以独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特点,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
二. 动词不定式的构成:to+动词原形
三. 动词不定式作宾语
后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有:agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。
We hope to get there before dark. 我们期望天黑之前到那儿。
The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。
动词不定式作宾语的须知(2点)
1. 有部分动词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可以跟动名词作宾语,但含义不一样:
remember to do 记住要做某事
remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做原来在做的事
I remember seeing you somewhere before.
我记得之前在什么地方儿见过你。
Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
离开时请记得关好灯。
2. 不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成“主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词、名词)+不定式”结构。
如:He found it very difficult to get to sleep.
他发现超级难入睡。
四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。
The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。
I want both of you to go. 我要你们俩去。
We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我们帮她修理自行车。
2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。
Let’s have a rest. 我们休息一会吧。
I saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。
感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补,也可以跟v-ing作宾补,前者表示动作的都过程已结束;后者表示动作已经在进行。
I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。(说明他下楼了这件事)
I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。(说明他下楼时的情景)
五. 动词不定式作状语
Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他离开家到不一样的城市工作。
He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比赛了。
In order to catch the other students, I must work hard.
为了赶上其他考生,我一定要努力学习。
六. 动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语大多数情况下放在所修饰的词的后面。
I need something to eat.
Do you have something to read?
Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.
He is really a fool only to eat.
The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.
The doctor had no way to save the patient.
注意:
(1)作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成,被修饰的名词或代词与不定式当中存在方位或方法关系需有介词。
I am looking for a room to live in. 我已经在找一间住房。(方位关系)
We have many things to do experiments with.
我们有不少做实验的东西(方法关系)
(2)作定语的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”构成的动词短语。
Here there isn’t any book for me to be interested in.
We have done many things to proud of. 我们做了不少引以自豪的事。
七. 动词不定式作主语
To give is better than to receive.
To reach there on foot is impossible.
动词不定式作主语时,可以用it 代替,把实质上主语不定式放在后面。
It’s better to give than to receive.
It’s impossible to reach there on foot.
It’s + adj + for sb. to do sth.
It’s not difficult for me to study English well.
It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.
在这个句型中,假设形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切,还形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等,由of引出逻辑主语。这种类型形容词主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。
八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用,构成不定式短语,可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。
How to do is still a question.
Have you decided when to leave?
九. 动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not;不带to的不定式则在动词前加not. 如:
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要自己独立做这件事。
被动语态
英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态
主动语态(The Active Voice)表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态(The Passive Voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。
构成:承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
大多数情况下目前时:承受者+助动词am / is/are +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
大多数情况下过去时:承受者+助动词was / were +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+助动词shall / will be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+助动词 have/ has been+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
被动语态用法:
1)当我们不清楚动作的执行者是谁,或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时,需用被动语态。
2)当我们需强改变作的承受者时,经常会用到被动语态。
3)假设需说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。
主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时候态要与原句时态保持完全一样,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持完全一样。
主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况:
1)主语+谓语动词+宾语
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(主动)We bought a book yesterday.
(被动)The book was bought yesterday.
2)主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。假设直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
(主动)He showed me a book yesterday.
(被动)I was showed a book yesterday.
(被动)The book was showed to me yesterday.
3)主语+谓语动词+复合宾语
含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语,变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语保留不变,成为主语补足语。
(主动)I found him a good pupil. (宾语补足语)
(被动)He was found a good pupil. (主语补足语)
4)短语动词变为被动语态
有部分短语动词基本上等同于一个及物动词,其后可以接宾语,因为这个原因它们也有被动语态,但短语动词是不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去除其后面的介词或副词。
(主动)We should look after the patients very well.
(被动)The patients should be looked after very well by us.
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